Chaudrée (deux recettes)
Many American foods have their roots
firmly planted in Europe and have developed in this country in a sort
of convoluted fashion. The recipes were often brought to our country
with immigrants when they migrated here, and usually adapted to
utilize ingredients that were readily available. Chowder, for
example, had its beginnings in France, then was brought to French
Canada before finally evolving into the chowders that are famous to
the New England region of our country. The English word chowder, in
fact, is said to be derived from the French word chaudière—the
pot in which chaudrée, or chowder, is cooked. The root word
from which these are based is chaud, French for hot; chaudière
translates literally to cooker or heater. And if there were such a
thing as a family tree relating to foods, chowder's first cousin once
removed would be, in my opinion, Louisiana gumbo. That hearty dish
takes its name from the West African word gombo, meaning okra,
and seems to be a sort of abstract of a chowder recipe that has
evolved with the conglomeration of peoples in Southern Louisiana,
including some of the French that fled Eastern Canada to that region.
The chaudrée of Northwest
France is a sort of fisherman's stew, which consists of seafood of
the region simmered in broth along with vegetables and herbs. A
listing in the French cookery encyclopedia Larousse Gastronomique
translates chaudrée to English simply as "fish soup."
It goes on to state the various seafoods that can be included in the
dish, including eel! When the French of that area migrated to Canada,
not surprisingly, they brought with them their beloved recipes for
chaudrée. A 1970 edition of the bi-lingual book Food-À La
Canadienne lists two recipes for chaudrée; one is based
on fish and the other potato. When some of these French migrated
southward, into New England, the language of course was English and
chaudière, or chaudrée, began to be pronounced as—and
eventually known as—chowder. There, the chowders were based on
clams simply because of their regional abundance. It wasn't until the
early 1900's that a creative restaurateur at Coney Island replaced
the milk in chowder with tomatoes to create Manhattan Clam Chowder;
this was, at the time, a travesty to a New Englander.
Chowder today can be based on almost
any meat, fish or vegetable, though many purists will probably
dispute this. There are a few guidelines that should be followed
though. Chowder is usually a rather rustic soup with coarse-chopped
ingredients; though it is often thickened naturally, traditional
chowder does not contain flour as a thickening agent, but a little
flour will give the soup a certain viscosity. Most importantly, the
two defining ingredients that denote chowder are diced potato and
cured pork, such as salt pork or bacon.
Potato Chowder
(Chaudrée de Pommes de
Terre)
Yield: 3 quarts
3 tablespoons unsalted butter
12 ounces diced lean ham
1 cup diced onion
1/2 cup diced carrots
1/2 cup diced celery
2 teaspoons minced garlic
2-1/2 pounds peeled and diced potatoes
6 cups chicken stock
1 teaspoon thyme
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon black pepper
1 cup milk (optional)
Heat the butter in a large heavy soup
pot over medium high heat, when it begins to bubble add the ham,
onions, carrots, celery and garlic. Sauté the vegetables and ham for
approximately 5 minutes, until they are soft and translucent but not
browned. Stir in the potatoes, chicken stock, thyme, salt and black
pepper. Bring the soup to a boil then lower the heat to a low simmer;
skim any impurities that may have risen to the surface of the soup.
Simmer the soup for 45-60 minutes, stirring often.
Using a wire whisk, gently break apart
some of the potatoes to give the soup some viscosity. If adding the
milk, do so directly before serving the soup and do not boil it once
the milk has been added.
New England Clam
Chowder
Yield: 4 quarts
2 dozen chowder clams
(quahogs)
2 quarts water or
chicken stock
1/4 cup diced salt pork
1 cup diced onion
1/2 cup diced celery
1/2 cup diced carrots
1/2 cup flour
1/2 cup diced potato
1 teaspoon fresh
thyme
1/2 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon black
pepper
1 quart milk
Place the clams in a pot with the water
or stock. Cover and steam them for about 10 minutes, or until they
are fully cooked and completely open. Strain the broth and reserve
it; remove the clams from their shells and discard the shells. Chop
the clams and reserve them.
In a heavy soup pot over medium heat,
sauté the salt pork until it is golden brown, crispy, and all the
fat has rendered from it. Add the onion, celery, and carrot; sauté
another 2 minutes. Stir in the flour, lower the heat slightly and
cook the vegetables and flour for 5 minutes, stirring continuously.
Add the potato, thyme, salt and pepper, stir the potatoes to coat
them with the fat and flour. Add the clam broth to the pot a little
at a time, while stirring, to avoid any lumps. Bring the soup to a
boil to a boil and add the chopped clams. Lower the heat, skim any
scum that has risen to the surface and simmer the chowder for 15
minutes.
Stir in the milk, but do not boil it.
If desired, garnish the chowder with a sprinkling of chopped parsley,
paprika, and a pat of butter.
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